ʲвÑÏÅ. ÆÅÐIJҢ ÏÀÉÄÀ ÁÎËÓÛ ÆӘÍÅ ÄÀÌÓ ÒÀÐÈÕÛ. ÆÅÐ ҚÛÐÒÛÑÛÍÛҢ ҚҰÐÛËÛÑÛ. | |
Àâòîð: student | Êàòåãîðèÿ: Åñòåñòâåííûå íàóêè | Ïðîñìîòðîâ: 3139 | Êîììåíòèðèè: 0 | 03-03-2014 20:28 |
ʲвÑÏÅ. ÆÅÐIJҢ ÏÀÉÄÀ ÁÎËÓÛ ÆӘÍÅ ÄÀÌÓ ÒÀÐÈÕÛ. ÆÅÐ ҚÛÐÒÛÑÛÍÛҢ ҚҰÐÛËÛÑÛ.
Æîñïàð
1. Ãåîëîãèÿ – ғûëûì.
2. Æåð қûðòûñû æәíå îíûң çàòòûқ құðàìû.
3. Æåð ãåîôèçèêàëûқ әä³ñòåð³.
4. Æåð қûðòûñûíûң çàòòûқ құðàìû.
Ãåîëîãèÿ- Æåð òóðàëû ғûëûì ( ãðåêøå ãåî - Æåð, ëîãîñ-³ë³ì). Áұë қûñқà àíûқòàìàíûң ìәí³ өòå үëêåí, ìàçìұíäû æәíå æàí-æàқòû. Ãåîëîãèÿ қàç³ðã³ êåçäå æàðàòûëûñòàíóäûң åң ìàңûçäû áàғûòû ñàíàëàäû æәíå ғûëûìäàð öèêë³ (æèûíòûғû) áîëûï òàáûëàäû. Áұë öèêëä³ң әð áөë³ì³ ãåîëîãèÿ ñàëàëàðû àðàñûíäà өç³íä³ê ғûëûìè ïәí ðåò³íäå äå òàíûëàäû.
Ãåîëîãèÿíûң çåðòòåéò³í òàқûðûáû – Æåð ïëàíåòàñû ìåí ãåîëîãèÿëûқ ïðîöåññòåð. Æåð-өòå êүðäåë³ ìàòåðèàëäûқ äåíå,îíûң үëêåí òàðèõû, қàç³ðã³ñ³ ìåí áîëàøàғû áàð. Àñïàí äåíåñ³ ðåò³íäå îë ғàðûø áөëøåã³ әð³ Êүí æүéåñ³í³ң ïëàíåòàñû áîëûï òàáûëàäû. Îғàí ғàðûø çàңäàðû ìåí құáûëûñòàðû äà қàòûñòû. Ìәñåëåí, îëàð әëåìä³ê òàðòûëûñ êүø³, Êүí ðàäèàöèÿñû æәíå áàñқà құáûëûñòàð òүð³íäå êөïø³ë³ê æàғäàéäà êëèìàòòû àíûқòàéäû, ò³ðø³ë³êêå ûқïàë åòåä³ æәíå Æåðäåã³ әð òүðë³ ïðîöåñòåðãå ò³êåëåé қàòûñòû.
Ãåîëîãèÿíûң ò³êåëåé çåðòòåéò³í íûñàíäàðû- ìèíåðàëäàð, òàóæûíûñòàð, ïàéäàëû қàçáàëàð, қàçáà îðãàíèêàëûқ қàëäûқòàð, ãåîëîãèÿëûқ ïðîöåñòåð.
Æåð ³øê³ (æåð қûðòûñû, ìàíòèÿ ìåí ÿäðî) æәíå ñûðòқû (àòìîñôåðà, ãèäðîñôåðà ìåí áèîñôåðà) қàáûқòàðäàí òұðàäû, îëàð ұäàéû өçàðà қàðûì-қàòûíàñòà áîëàäû. Îëàðäûң îñû қàðûì-қàòûíàñû íәòèæåñ³íäå ãåîëîãèÿëûқ (ãåîäèíàìèêàëûқ) ïðîöåñòåð òóûíäàéäû. Ãåîëîãòûң ïðàêòèêàëûқ æұìûñû қàòòû қàáûқòûң (ëèòîñôåðàíûң) æîғàðғû áөë³ã³- æåð қûðòûñû àóқûìûíäà өòåä³. Æåð қûðòûñû өç³íåí құðàìû ìåí ôèçèêàëûқ қàñèåòòåð³ áөëåê Æåðä³ң ³øê³ æәíå ñûðòқû қàáûқòàðûìåí ұäàéû әðåêåòòå. Îñûғàí áàéëàíûñòû ãåîëîãèÿëûқ ïðîöåñòåð åê³ òîïқà áөë³íåä³: 1) ñûðòқû (әêçîãåíä³ê) – æåð қûðòûñûíûң ñûðòқû қàáûқòàðûìåí әðåêåòòåñó³íåí òóûíäàéòûí ïðîöåñòåð; 2) ³øê³ (әíäîãåíä³ê)- æåð қûðòûñûíûң ³øê³ қàáûқòàðìåí (қîéíàóқàòòàðìåí) әðåêåòòåñó³íå æәíå ïëàíåòàíûң òåðåң қîéíàóëàðûíäàғû ìàòåðèÿíûң äàìóûíà áàéëàíûñòû ïðîöåñòåð. Ãåîëîãèÿëûқ ïðîöåñòåð æåð қûðòûñûíûң құðàìûí, құðûëûñûí æәíå æåð áåò³í³ң áåäåð³í өçãåðòåä³.
Ãåîëîãèÿ, á³ð æàғûíàí, Æåð òóðàëû á³ðåãåé ғûëûì, àë åê³íø³ æàғûíàí îë-ғûëûìäàð æèûíòûғû (öèêë³). Áұë öèêëä³ құðàéòûí ғûëûìäàð өçàðà á³òå қàéíàñқàí æәíå òûғûç áàéëàíûñòû. Îëàð Æåðä³ң äàìóû ìåí қàëûïòàñó ïðîöåñ³í³ң әðòүðë³ æàқòàðû ìåí íәòèæåëåð³í çåðòòåéä³, á³ðàқ әðòүðë³ ìàқñàò êөçäåéä³, әðòүðë³ әä³ñòåðä³ ïàéäàëàíàäû. Ãåîëîãèÿíûң ñàëàëàðû àðàñûíäà ғûëûìè ïәíäåð æåð қûðòûñûíûң çàòòûқ құðàìûí, îíûң құðûëûñûí, ãåîëîãèÿëûқ ïðîöåñòåð ìåí îëàðäûң òàðèõè ðåòò³ë³ã³í çåðòòåéò³í, ñîíäàé-àқ қîëäàíáàëû ғûëûìäàð òүð³íå áөë³íåä³ (7-êåñòå). Àäàìäàð Æåðä³ өçäåð³ ïàéäà áîëғàí êåçäåí áåð³ çåðòòåï êåëåä³. Æåð òóðàëû á³ë³ìí³ң òàìûðû өòå êөíå çàìàíғà êåòåä³. Åðòåäåã³ îéøûëäàð қîðøàғàí әëåì òóðàëû өçäåð³í³ң òүñ³í³ã³í êөç êөðãåííåí ғàæàéûï қèÿëäàðғà ұëàñòûðғàí.
7êåñòå. Ãåîëîãèÿëûқ öèêë ïәíäåð³í³ң ñàëàëàðû ìåí àòàëûìû
Æåð қûðòûñûíûң çàòòûқ құðàìûí çåðòòåó |
Äèíàìèêàëûқ ãåîëîãèÿ |
Æåðä³ң òàðèõû ìåí îðãàíèêàëûқ ò³ðø³ë³ã³í çåòòåó |
Қîëäàíáàëû ãåîëîãèÿ |
Ãåîõèìèÿ
Êðèñòàëëîãðàôèÿ Ìèíåðàëîãèÿ
Ïåòðîãðàôèÿ Ïåòðîëîãèÿ Ëèòîëîãèÿ |
Ãåîòåêòîíèêà
Ãåîäèíàìèêà Құðûëûìäûқ ãåîëîãèÿ Âóëêàíîëîãèÿ Ñåéñìîëîãèÿ Ãåñìîðôîëîãèÿ |
Ïàåîíòîëîãèÿ
Ñòðàòèãðàôèÿ Òàðèõè ãåîëîãèÿ
Ïàëåîãåîãðàôèÿ Àéìàқòûқ ãåîëîãèÿ Ïëàíåòàëûқ ãåîëîãèÿ |
Ïàéäàëû қàçáàëàð òóðàëû ³ë³ì Ãèäðîãåîëîãèÿ Èíæåíåðë³ê ãåîëîãèÿ
Ìұíàé êåí³øò³ê ãåîëîãèÿ Êåí өíåðêәñ³ïò³ê ãåîëîãèÿ Әêîëîãèÿëûқ ãåîëîãèÿ |
Ìàòåðèàëäûқ ìәäåíèåòò³ң äàìóû, қîғàìäûқ өíä³ð³ñò³ң àðòóû Æåðä³ çåðòòåóìåí æәíå îíû æàí-æàқòû èãåðóìåí òûғûç áàéëàíûñòû. Òàñ ғàñûðëàðûíäà (îñûäàí 2-3 ìëí 5-7 ìûң æûë áұðûí) àäàìäàð Æåð қîéíàóûíàí òàñòàðäûң áåëã³ë³ á³ð ñîðòòàðûí, қîëà ғàñûðûíäà- ìûñ ïåí қàëàéûíû, òåì³ð ғàñûðûíäà-òåì³ðä³ өíä³ðãåí. Îñû àòàëғàí ìàòåðèàëäàðäû өíä³ðó үø³í àäàìäàð æåð қûðòûñûíûң құðûëûñûí, îíûң åðåêøåë³êòåð³í ìұқèÿò çåðòòåãåí³ êөð³íåä³.
Ғàëàìíûң ñèïàòòàìàñû. Á³çä³ қîðøàғàí ìàòåðèÿëûқ әëåì Ғàëàì íåìåñå ғàðûø äåï àòàëàäû. Ғàðûø êåң³ñò³êòå äå, óàқûòòà äà øåêñ³ç äүíèå. Ìàòåðèÿ Ғàëàì êåң³ñò³ã³íäå әðêåëê³ òàðàëғàí æәíå әð òүðë³ æұëäûçäàðäàí, ïëàíåòàëàðäàí, òîçàңíàí, ìåòåîðëàðäàí, êîìåòàëàðäàí, ãàçäàðäàí òұðàäû. Ғàëàìíûң çåðòòåóãå ìүìê³í áөë³ã³ Ìåòàãàëàêòèêà äåï àòàëûï, îë ìèëëèàðäòàí àñà æұëäûçäàð øîғûðûíàí íåìåñå ãàëàêòèêàëàðäàí òұðàäû. Îëàðäûң àðàñûíäà á³çä³ң Ãàëàêòèêà äà áàð.
Á³çä³ң Ãàëàêòèêàғà íåìåñå Құñ æîëûíûң құðàìûíà Êүí æүéåñ³ ê³ðåä³.Á³çä³ң Ãàëàêòèêà ñïèðàëü òèïò³ ãàëàêòèêàëàðғà æàòàäû æәíå 150 ìèëèàðäòàí àñòàì æұëäûçäàðäàí òұðàäû. Á³çä³ң Ãàëàêòèêàíûң ï³ø³í³ äèñê ñèÿқòû. Îë ïëàíäà æàðûқ æұëäûçäàð øîғûðû - Құñ æîëûí æàñàéäû. ßäðîñûíäà ñïèðàëü òәð³çä³ æұëäûçäàð àғûíû ñèÿқòû. Îñû àғûíäàðäûң á³ð³í³ң øåò³íäå Êүí îðíàëàñқàí.
Ғàëàìäàғû àñïàí äåíåëåð³í³ң àðà қàøûқòûғû ïàðñåê (ïñ) æәíå æàðûқ æûëû (æ.æ.) äåãåí өëøåìäåðìåí, àë Êүí æүéåñ³íäåã³ äåíåëåðä³ң àðà қàøûқòûғû àñòðîíîìèÿëûқ á³ðë³êïåí (à.á.) өëøåíåä³. ² à.á. - Æåð ìåí Êүíí³ң îðòàøà àðà қàøûқòûғû, 149500000 êì-ãå òåң. Ïàðñåê - æûëäûқ ïàðàë ëàêñêå êåð³ øàìà. 1 ïñ = 3,26 æ.æ. = 206265 à.á. = 30,857-1012 êì.
Құñ æîëûíûң äèàìåòð³ 120 ìûң æ.æ. øàìàñûíäà (1 æ.æ. = 10 êì), àë äèñê³í³ң қàëûңäûғû 1600 æ.æ.-íà òåң. Êүí ìåí æұëäûçäàðäûң Құñ æîëû öåíòð³í³ң òөң³ðåã³íäå àéíàëó ìåðç³ì³ 170-250 ìëí æûë øàìàñûíäà.
Êүí æүéåñ³. Îíûң құðàìûíà 9 ïëàíåòà (Ìåðêóðèé, Âåíåðà, Æåð, Ìàðñ, Þïèòåð, Ñàòóðí, Óðàí, Íåïòóí, Ïëóòîí) ìåí îëàðäûң 42 ñåð³ã³, 50 ìûңíàí àñà ұñàқ àñòåðîèäòàð (ïëàíåòîèäòàð), ñàíñûç êөï ìåòåîðëàð ìåí æүçäåãåí êîìåòàëàð ê³ðåä³. Êүí æүéåñ³ êîìïëàíäû, ÿғíè ïëàíåòàëàðäûң îðáèòàñû Êүíí³ң әêâàòîðëûқ æàçûқòûғûíà - әêëèïòèêàñûíà ñәéêåñ êåëåò³í á³ð æàçûқòûқòà îðíàëàñқàí, ï³ø³í³ äөңãåëåêêå æàқûí. Ïëàíåòàëàðäûң àéíàëó áàғûòû (Øîëïàí ìåí Óðàííàí áàñқàëàðû - áұë åê³ ïëàíåòà áàñқàëàðғà êåð³ áàғûòòà àéíàëàäû) Êүíí³ң өç îñ³ңäå àéíàëó áàғûòûíà ñәéêåñ.
Ìàðñ ïåí Þïèòåð îðáèòàëàðûíûң àðàëûғûíäà ³øê³ æәíå ñûðòқû ïëàíåòàëàðûí áөë³ï òұðғàí àñòåðîèäòàð áåëäåó³ íåìåñå øàғûí ïëàíåòàëàð îðíàëàñқàí. 2000-ғà æóûқ àñòåðîèäòàð àøûëғàí, îëàðäûң æàëïû ñàíû 100 ìûңíàí àñàäû, àë æàëïû ìàññàñû Æåð ìàññàñûíûң 0,001 áөë³ã³í құðàéäû äåãåí ï³ê³ð áàð. Åң ³ð³ àñòåðîèäòàð: Öåðåðà (äèàìåòð³ 767 êì), Ïàëëàäà (489 êì), Âåñòà (386 êì) æәíå Þíîíà (190 êì). Àñòåðîèäòàðäûң құðàìû òåì³ðë³-òàñòû, àë ï³ø³í³ үøê³ð øîìáàë òàñ ñèÿқòû.
Қàç³ðã³ òүñ³í³êòåð áîéûíøà Êүí æүéåñ³í³ң äåíåëåð³ áàñòàïқû êүé³ ñàëқûí ғàðûøòûқ қàòòû æәíå ãàç òәð³çä³ ìàòåðèÿíûң Êүí ìåí ïðîòîïëàíåòàëàð æàðàëғàíғà äåé³í íûғûçäàëóû ìåí қîþëàíóû æîëûìåí қàëûïòàñқàí. Æåðä³ң қàç³ðã³ қàáûқòû құðûëûñûíûң қàëûïòàñóû áàñòàïқû ãîìîãåíä³ê (á³ðêåëê³) çàòòûң ãðàâèòàöèÿëûқ äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿñû ïðîöåñòåð³ìåí áàéëàíûñòûðûëàäû.
Æåðä³ң ï³ø³í³ ìåí өëøåìäåð³. Ïëàíåòàíûң æàñàíäû Æåð ñåð³êòåð³íåí òүñ³ð³ëãåí ôîòîãðàôèÿëàðû Æåðä³ң øàð òәð³çä³ åêåíä³ã³í³ң àéқûí êóәñ³ áîëàðëûқ. Ñîíàó XVII ғ. ñîңûíäà-àқ Æåðä³ң ï³ø³í³ äұðûñ øàðäàí өçãåøå åêåíä³ã³í êөðñåòåò³í äåðåêòåð àëûíғàí. Ãåîäåçèÿëûқ өëøåóëåð Æåðä³ң ûқøàìäàëғàí ï³ø³í³ àéíàëó әëëèïñîèäûíà (ñôåðîèäқà) æàқûí åêåíä³ã³í êөðñåòêåí. Ïîëþñò³ê ðàäèóñ RÏ =6356,8 êì, àë әêâàòîðëûқ ðàäèóñ Rә =6378,2 êì. Áұë åêåó³í³ң àéûðìàñû 21,4 êì, àë ñûғûëó øàìàñû à= (Rә – RÏ)/Rә=1/298 (Ô.Í.Êðàñîâñêèé). Æåðä³ң îðòàøà ðàäèóñû R=6371 êì.
Æåð Êүí æүéåñ³íäåã³ åң äàìûғàí ïëàíåòà ðåò³íäå îðòàëûқ ñèììåòðèÿëû қàáûқòàðäàí òұðàòûíäûғûìåí ñèïàòòàëàäû. Æåð қàáûқòàðû (ãåîñôåðàëàð құðàìûìåí, ôèçèêàëûқ қàñèåòòåð³ìåí, çàòûíûң êүé³ìåí åðåêøåëåí³ï, ñûðòқû æәíå ³øê³ қàáûқòàðғà áөë³íåä³. Ñûðòқû ãåîñôåðàëàðäà ò³êåëåé çåðòòåó æүðã³çóãå áîëàäû. ²øê³ ãåîñôåðàëàð íåã³ç³íåí æàíàìà (ãåîëîãèÿëûқ, ãåîôèçèêàëûқ, ãåîõèìèÿëûқ) әä³ñòåðìåí çåðòòåëåä³. Æåðä³ң ñûðòқû æәíå ³øê³ ãåîñôåðàëàðû өçàðà æәíå ғàðûø êåң³ñò³ã³ìåí òûғûç áàéëàíûñòû.
Æåðä³ң ñûðòқû қàáûқòàðû - àòìîñôåðà, ãèäðîñôåðà ìåí áèîñôåðà. Áұë қàáûқòàð á³ð-á³ð³ìåí ê³ð³ã³ï, өçàðà æәíå æåð қûðòûñûìåí ұäàéû әðåêåòòåñåä³. Îëàðäûң әðåêåòòåñó³ ìàòåðèÿ ìåí әíåðãèÿ àëìàñó òүð³íäå á³ë³íåä³.
²øê³ ãåîñôåðàëàð (қîéíàóқàòòàð). XX ғàñûð áàñûíäàғû åң ìàңûçäû ғûëûìè æàңàëûқ - Æåðä³ң ñåéñìîëîãèÿ äåðåêòåð³íå íåã³çäåëãåí құðûëûñû êîíöåíòðë³, òûғûçäûғû әð òүðë³ қàáûқòàðäàí, ÿғíè æåð қûðòûñûíàí, ìàíòèÿ ìåí ÿäðîäàí òұðàäû äåãåí òұæûðûì.
Æåð қûðòûñû - Æåðä³ң қàòòû қàáûғû. Îíûң қàëûңäûғû ìұõèòòàðäûң àñòûíäà 5-10 êì áîëñà, êîíòèíåíòòåðäå - 70-80 êì-ãå æåòåä³, àë îðòàøà ìәí³ – 33 êì. Æåð қûðòûñûíûң øåêàðàëàðû æîғàðғû æàғûíäà æåð áåò³ìåí (àòìîñôåðà ìåí Әëåì ìұõèòû àðàëûғûíäà); òөìåíã³ æàғûíäà (ìàíòèÿ àðàëûғûíäà) Ìîõîðîâè÷è÷ áåò³ìåí íåìåñå Ìîõî øåêàðàñûìåí øåêòåñåä³. Æåð қûðòûñûíûң құðàìûíäà S³ æәíå Àl áàñûì áîëғàíäûқòàí, îíû "ñèàë" äåï òå àòàéäû. Æåð қûðòûñû Ãóòåíáåðã қàáàòûíûң қàòòû áөë³ã³ìåí á³ðãå àñòåíîñôåðà үñò³íäåã³ òұòàñ қàòàң қàáàòòû құðàï, ëèòîñôåðà äåï àòàëàäû (Ä.Áàððåë, 1914). Àñòåíîñôåðàäà àðàëûқ ìàãìà îøàқòàðû ïàéäà áîëàäû äåãåí ï³ê³ð áàð. Îñûғàí áàéëàíûñòû, ëèòîñôåðàíû àñòåíîñôåðàìåí қîñà òåêòîíîñôåðà äåï á³ð³êò³ðåä³ (Â.Â.Áåëîóñîâ).
Æåðä³ң ãåîôèçèêàëûқ әä³ñòåð³: ãðàâèòàöèÿ әä³ñ³, æûëó әä³ñ³ (ãåîòåðìèêà) ðàäèîáåëñåíä³ë³ê әä³ñ³, ìàãíèò әä³ñ³, әëåêòð әä³ñ³.
Æåð қûðòûñû. Æåðä³ң æîғàðғû қàáûғû æåð қûðòûñûí æåêå ìåòûðóäûң ñåáåá³, áұë ãåîñôåðà ãåîëîãòàðäûң áàñòû íûñàíû æәíå àäàì ò³ðø³ë³ê ïåí өíä³ð³ñò³ê әðåêåò åòåò³í îðòà áîëûï òàáûëóûíäà. Æåð қûðòûñû құðûëûñûíûң åң ìàңûçäû åðåêøåë³ã³ - ò³ê æәíå êөëáåó áàғûòòàðäà áàéқàëûï, àíûқ á³ë³íåò³í әðêåëê³ë³ã³.
Æåð қûðòûñûíûң çàòòûқ құðàìû îíûң õèìèÿëûқ æәíå ìèíåðàëäûқ құðàìûìåí àíûқòàëàäû. À.Ï. Âèíîãðàäîâ áîéûíøà, æåð қûðòûñûíäà åң êөï òàðàëғàíû ìûíà õèìèÿëûқ әëåìåíòòåð, %: 0-47,2; S³-27,6;Àl- 8,3; Ғå – 5,1; Ñà-3,6; Nà - 2,64; Ê- 2,6; Ìg - 2,1; Ò³ - 0,6; Í - 0,15; Ñ - 0,1. Ñîíûìåí, æåð қûðòûñûíäà àíûқòàëғàí 93 õèìèÿëûқ әëåìåíòò³ң 11-í³ң үëåñ³íå îëàðäûң æàëïû ìàññàñûíûң 99,99%-³ êåëñå, àë қàëғàí 82 әëåìåíò òåê 0,01%-ò³ ғàíà құðàéäû.
Ìèíåðàëäàð (ëàòûíøà "ìèíåðà" - êåí êåñåã³) - òàáèғè õèìèÿëûқ қîñûëûñòàð, êåéäå ñîìòóìà әëåìåíòòåð. Îëàð æåð қûðòûñûíäà íåìåñå îíûң áåò³íäå өòåò³í әð òүðë³ ôèçèêàëûқ-õèìèÿëûқ ïðîöåñòåðä³ң òàáèғè өí³ìäåð³ áîëûï òàáûëàäû. Ìèíåðàëäàðäûң құðàìûí, құðûëûñûí, қàñèåòòåð³í, æàðàëó æàғäàéëàðû ìåí ïðàêòèêàëûқ қîëäàíóûí çåðòòåó - ìèíåðàëîãèÿíûң òàқûðûáû.
Ìèíåðàëäàð òàáèғàòòà әäåòòå қàòòû êåéäå, ÿғíè êðèñòàëäàð òүð³íäå êåçäåñåä³. Қàç³ðã³ êåçäå æåð қûðòûñûíäà 2300-ãå æóûқ ìèíåðàë òүðëåð³ (Ë.Â.Ìèëîâñêèé, 1985) àíûқòàëғàí. Òàáèғàòòà ìèíåðàëäàð æåêå êðèñòàëäàð òүð³íäå ñèðåê êåçäåñåä³, êөá³íåñå îëàð ìèíåðàëäûң àãðåãàòòàð äåï àòàëàòûí ìèíåðàë òүé³ðëåð³í³ң á³ðëåñòåð³ ìåí øîғûðëàðû òүð³íäå áîëàäû.
Ìèíåðàëäàð òàóæûíûñòàðäû, ÿғíè æåð қûðòûñû äåï àòàëàòûí ìàòåðèÿëûқ îðòàíû æàñàéäû. Òàóæûíûñòàð äåï ìèíåðàëäàðäûң áåëã³ë³ á³ð құðàìäû æәíå құðûëûìäû òұðàқòû òàáèғè ïàðàãåíåçèñò³ê àññîöèàöèÿñûí (á³ðëåñò³ã³í) àòàéäû.
Îëàð áåëã³ë³ á³ð ãåîëîãèÿëûқ ïðîöåñòåð íәòèæåñ³íäå ïàéäà áîëàäû ³ð³ æåð қûðòûñûíäà æåêå ãåîëîãèÿëûқ äåíåëåð æàñàéäû.